建置緣由 Background and Purpose
- 民國99年，農村水保署為解決上游及車輛無法抵達地區之觀測需求，研發建置14部簡易式土石流觀測站。
- 民國100年，辦理長效型觀測站改裝作業，部署於南投縣信義鄉祝山及九份二山，觀測上游崩塌地之雨量與土壤含水量。
- 民國105年，為減輕設備重量並延長監測週期，導入多功能資訊記錄器，提升重量、通訊與電力效能。
- 民國108年，辦理2部簡易站及1部堰塞湖簡易站結合燃料電池改裝作業，以延長運作時間。
- 民國109年，辦理8部簡易站升級作業，增設燃料電池與紅外線夜視攝影機，強化夜間與極端天候下的監測能力。
- In 2010 (Year 99 of the Republic of China calendar), the Agency of Rural Development & Soil and Water Conservation developed and installed 14 portable units to address observation needs in upstream areas and locations inaccessible by vehicles.
- In 2011, long-term monitoring station retrofitting was carried out, with deployments in Zhushan and Jiufen-ershan, Xinyi Township, Nantou County, to monitor rainfall and soil moisture content in upstream landslide areas.
- In 2016, to reduce equipment weight and extend monitoring cycles, a multifunctional data logger was introduced, improving performance in terms of weight, communication, and power efficiency.
- In 2019, retrofitting was conducted on two portable units and one barrier lake portable uitns, integrating fuel cells to extend operational duration.
- In 2020, eight portable units were upgraded with the addition of fuel cells and infrared night vision cameras, enhancing monitoring capabilities during nighttime and extreme weather conditions.
整體架構Overall structure
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基本型簡易站 Basic
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擴充型簡易站 Advanced
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全功能型簡易站 Premium
1.觀測設備模組Observation Instruments Module
(a) 輕量型雨量計Lightweight Rain Gauge
屬於傾斗型雨量計。當雨水從承雨口流入後，累積至一定雨量，承雨斗會自動傾倒，並由磁簧開關檢測傾倒動作，產生脈波信號，以計算雨量。其優點為使用及保養簡單。簡易式觀測站之雨量計為美國R.M. Young公司生產的傾倒式雨量計，其承雨面積為200cm2（雨量筒直徑為16cm），解析度為0.1mm，量測精度為 50 mm/hr ，傾斗容量為2ml容量。
A tipping bucket type rain gauge. Rain enters through the collector, and once it accumulates to a set amount, the bucket tips automatically. This tipping action is detected by a magnetic reed switch, generating pulse signals to calculate rainfall. Its advantages include ease of use and maintenance. The rain gauge used in simplified monitoring stations is manufactured by R.M. Young (USA). It has a collector area of 200 cm² (with a rain funnel diameter of 16 cm), a resolution of 0.1 mm, measurement accuracy of 50 mm/hr, and a tipping bucket capacity of 2 ml.
(b) 探針式土壤含水量計Probe-Type Soil Moisture Sensor
屬於時域反射感應之土壤含水量感測器，其原理為測量土壤介電常
數來得到土壤容積含水量。
A soil moisture sensor based on time domain reflectometry (TDR). It measures the dielectric constant of soil to determine volumetric water content.
(c) 地聲檢知器 Geophone (Ground Vibration Detector)
運作原理為當地表振動時，由於地聲檢知器內的線圈受到晃動，磁鐵產生
運動，因此穿過線圈面的磁通量會改變，基於法拉第感應定律之原理，因而產生電流感
應於線圈上，產生的電壓經轉換後即可獲得振動之速度振幅。
Operates based on the principle of Faraday’s law of induction. When surface vibrations occur, the internal coil moves relative to a magnet, altering the magnetic flux through the coil and inducing a current. The resulting voltage, once converted, provides the vibration velocity amplitude.
2.通訊網路模組Communication Network Module
簡易式觀測站的觀測資料透過內建的通訊模組經由行動數據4G網路服務，回傳至後端系統，提供決策應變之用。此外，基本型的通訊模組內建於資料記錄器中，因此可設定資料擷取及回傳頻率，並具備資料自動補傳功能。
The portable uitns transmits observation data via an integrated communication module over a 4G mobile data network to the backend system for emergency response and decision-making. The basic communication module is embedded in the data logger, allowing for customizable data acquisition and transmission intervals. It also supports automatic data retransmission in case of signal interruptions.
3.資料處理模組Data Processing Module
簡易式觀測站將觀測儀器原始觀測數據資料送到資料處理模組進行運算分析，轉換成具意義的數據資料後透過網路回傳至後端系統。105年時農村水保署購置多功能資料紀錄器取代擴充型及全功能型簡易站使用的資料分析模組。使得基本型簡易站，在體積、耗電及重量功能均有提升。多功能資料記錄器使用封閉式系統，也有助於提昇運作穩定度。此外多功能資料紀錄器也用於自動雨量站，因此可互為備援使用。
Raw observation data from the instruments are processed by the data processing module to generate meaningful data, which are then transmitted via the network to the backend system.
In 2016, the Agency of Rural Development & Soil and Water Conservation procured multifunction data loggers to replace the expandable and full-featured data processing modules used in previous simplified stations. This upgrade improved performance in terms of size, power consumption, and weight. The multifunction logger uses a closed system, enhancing operational stability. It is also compatible with automatic rainfall stations, enabling mutual backup functionality.
4.電源控制模組 Power Control Modeule
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簡易式觀測站內建的電力供應模組，其供電能力可支撐72小時。簡易式觀測站可結合燃料電池系統，其監測週期可延長至20日。The built-in power supply module in portable units supports continuous operation for up to 72 hours. When combined with a fuel cell system, the monitoring cycle can be extended up to 20 days.
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5.機箱主體Main Enclosure
簡易式觀測的機箱主體設計，考量防水及高強度，機箱內裝置觀測儀器、通訊網路模組、資料處理模組及電源控制模組，部署時取出觀測儀器進行裝設，平時則收納於機箱內。
The enclosure of the portable unit is designed for waterproofing and high strength. It houses the observation instruments, communication module, data processing module, and power control module. During deployment, the instruments are removed for setup and operation; when not in use, they are stored inside the enclosure.
